Essay
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对于很多英硕UU来说，以前从来没有接触过英文论文的写作，第一次写英硕论文，一时的确不知道如何下手。而且英国大学的论文要求和其他国家相比，要求更为严苛。通常期末论文字数都上几千字，几节课的论文字数加起来可能会达到上万字。
更过分的是，很多时候教授给的Prompt其实就只有一句话，比如：Evaluate community wealth building' as an approach to economic development。一句话让你写 3000字，让人头疼！
此外，英国的教学风格比较严谨，英国大学论文的写作相比其他国家来说，难度也更大。而且英国大学的期末论文占分很高，大多数情况下都会占到这节课总评分的50%甚至 100%。
那么如何才能写出一篇不错的essay论文呢？所谓知己知彼，百战百胜。在介绍英硕论文写作技巧之前，先和大家分享一下英国大学论文有哪些特点。
英国论文论文特点
1
更侧重于理论。
很多英国论文都是要求学生阅读和分析一个主题后，基于某个特定的methodology 来进行写作，阐述你观点。学生需要根据课堂讨论里面提到的理论，进而整理出文章大纲，而不是随性发挥。
2
对文献的质量和数量要求更高
有的教授会严格要求必须使用近五年内发表的期刊文章作为参考文献。在选择文献的时候也需要注意文献的地区，比如相比于Washington Post,London Times 更适合作为英国大学论文的参考文献。
对于文献数量要求也是如此，通常 3000字的论文会要求使用 20个甚至更多文献。3
评分相对更加地的严格。
所有的分析都必须非常的精准到位。为了充字数而增加冗词赘句的行为是绝对不允许的。从最简单的一点字数要求来说，其他北美大学对字数要求不是非常严苛，但是英国大学论文对论文字数有非常严格的限制。
essay 写作步骤
1
快速确定主题
尽量是自己感兴趣这样会让你有动力去研究！有时间的话建议在拿到 module handbook就开始构思，在ddl前三周可以和 module leader预约 office hour！！确定你的选题是在track上的。
2
列outline
列出你的观点，argument和想法。
3
写body 部分
结构可以按照：论点(主旨)十论点的介绍＋举例子＋论据分析十上下呼应。
4
写 Conclusion， 再写intro。
注意Conclusion,总结 mainbody即可，切记不要再提出新观点。Introduction 不用过于华丽。简单明了列出你的研究背景，问题，以及接下来每段将会涉及的point。
5
reference引用格式
不仅要做好reference ist,还要注意 in-text citation。同时，在提交前，至少全文通读两遍，建议借助一些额外的proofread app对essay的语法、拼写及句子结构等进行检查。比如：Grammarly,Quillbot等。
高分 Essay 结构
1
Introduction占10%
2
main body占 80%
如果是按照3段写，每段占25%左右，如果是4段，每段占20%按你的 point/argument分。
3
conclusion占 10%
希望留学的小伙伴能尽快 get到essay 写作技巧，拿到高分 essay!
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1
Essay写作结构
一般1000-2000字的essay，五段法是非常标准的结构。假设这一篇1500字左右的essay：
开头的Introduction一段，占10%， 150个字。
结尾的conclusion也是一段，同样占10%，150个字。
中间的主体部分占80%。如果是3段，大概每段占25%左右，就是400字一段。如果是4段，每段占20%，每段就是300字左右。2
明确作业要求
读题（耗时30分钟）
•把deadline和具体criteria给标红and加粗！
•至少读3-5遍的criteria，明确老师想要什么以及essay的主题。
如果是自己选题的话，优先选择自己熟悉，并且在google上搜索，出来搜索记录最多的那个。
•找出key words，也就是题目以及要求中反复出现并涉及到的主要概念。3
列Main body的提纲
跳过Introduction部分，直接开始列Main body的提纲。
(这部分是重点，根据题目，至少需要耗时4-6个小时）Main body不管分成了段还是4段，结构基本一样。主要包括四个部分，主题句+例子＋分析＋结尾句。先把outline列出来就好。一个清晰的思路有了，这篇essay最起码及格了。
下面开始，每一段坚持5句话原则：
第1句 主题句
Topic sentence：
为了和前面衔接更好，可以despite, Despite the focus on xxx, it appears that...., while .....第2和第3句 举例说明
Supporting evidence: Somebody suggests/argues (author, year)......第3和第4句 提出你的观点或者对比之前的引用
Analysis：
可以之前研究的不足，或者之前不同观点的矛盾之处等等。
如果第二段提出观点，比如So what kind of balabalaba，那么第二段的这个地方就用 In addition,开头来和前面呼应。第三段用Therefore 来和前面两段呼应。第5句 结尾句
Concluding sentence:
一句话总结观点并且和上下呼应，这个很难有template，大家根据内容自己总结就好。4
写conclusion
根据主体部分开始写conclusion（耗时30分钟）
这部分不需要有新的观点或者引用，完全是总结上面的内容。但是记住，不能直接抄上面的句子，要rewrite。这部分遵循4句话原则（你也可以把某一部分扩展到2句话）。第一句 总结前面所讨论的内容
Summary of the main themes: :
From the review of the current literature, it can be seen that..第二句 指出前面研究的不足gap
While much of the previous literature has focused on.....
there have been few studies which examine....第三句 过渡句 连接上下面，引出你自己的观点
Link gap to writer'sown research: Thus there is scope for further research which..第四句 简要总结你自己的观点
surmary of writer’ s own research: Therefore, this study aims to..5
写Introduction
最后再开始写Introduction部分 （耗时30分钟）
因为前面都写完了，按照下面的方法，这部分你只需要遵守10句话原则。所以这部分最多半个小时就可以完成了。第1句 背景介绍
Background: Studies over the past two decades have provided important information on ...第2句 关键词定义
Definition of key term(s):While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paper will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as ...第3句 为什么选择这个题目
Reasons for researching topic:Despite its long clinical success, X has.....第4句 之前研究的不足
Highlighting inadequacies of previous studies: Although extensive research has been carried out on X, no single study exists which ...第5句 研究方法
Brief mention of your methodology : A combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches was used in the data analysis.第6句 研究方法的优势和不足
Indicating significance: The present research explores, for the first time, the effects of...
However, due to practical constraints, this paper cannot provide a comprehensive review of...第7句 观点陈述
Statement: The main issues addressed in this paper are:a), b) and c).第8-10句 全文结构
Outlining the structure: This paper first gives a brief overview of the recent history of X. The third chapter is concerned with the methodology used for this study. The fourth section presents the findings of the research, focusing on the three key themes that ...6
查漏补缺
利用语言润色工具Proofreading。
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文献综述在essay里起到非常关键的作用，写好literature review能让我们事半功倍！整理了一些经常用到的例句，大家也可以参考哦～
对相关文献的一般性评论
1️⃣The literature on X has highlighted several …
2️⃣Different theories exist in the literature regarding …
3️⃣More recent attention has focused on the provision of …
4️⃣There are relatively few historical studies in the area of …
5️⃣A large and growing body of literature has investigated …
6️⃣Much of the literature since the mid-1990s emphasises the …
7️⃣Much of the current literature on X pays particular attention to …
8️⃣There is a large volume of published studies describing the role of …
9️⃣The existing literature on X is extensive and focuses particularly on …
以前的研究：一个历史的视角
1️⃣Around the early 1960s, small-scale research and case studies began to emerge linking …
2️⃣It was not until the late 1960s that historians considered X worthy of scholarly attention.Research into X has a long history.
3️⃣For many years, this phenomenon was surprisingly neglected by …
4️⃣Only in the past ten years have studies
of X directly addressed how …
5️⃣Prior to the work of Smith (1983), the role of X was largely unknown.
6️⃣Over the past decade, most research in X has emphasized the use of …
7️⃣In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on …
8️⃣Early examples of research into X include … (Smith, 1962; Jones, 1974).
9️⃣During the past 30 years, much more information has become available on …
以前的研究：所采取的方法学方法
1️⃣Most research on X has been carried out in …
2️⃣Most researchers investigating X have utilised…
3️⃣Using this approach, researchers have been able to …
4️⃣Several systematic reviews of X have been undertaken.
5️⃣The vast majority of studies on X have been quantitative.
6️⃣What we know about X is largely based on observational studies.
7️⃣There are a number of large cross-sectional studies which suggest …以前的研究：调查的领域
1️⃣To date, several studies have investigated …
2️⃣A number of studies have begun to examine …
3️⃣Various studies have assessed the efficacy of …
4️⃣Researchers attempted to evaluate the impact of …
5️⃣A great deal of previous research into X has focused on …
6️⃣Several studies have used longitudinal data to examine …
7️⃣Previous studies have explored the relationships between X and Y.
8️⃣Twenty cohort study analyses have examined the relationship between …
9️⃣A number of authors have considered the effects of … (Smith, 2003; Jones, 2004).以前的研究：已经确定或提出的内容
1️⃣Several lines of evidence suggest that …
2️⃣Previous research has established that …
3️⃣Previous research has established that …
4️⃣Data from several studies suggest that …
5️⃣It is now well established from a variety of studies that …5.A number of studies have postulated a convergence between …说明目前对该主题的了解情况
1️⃣There is an unambiguous relationship between X and Y (Rao, 1998).
2️⃣X is significantly reduced during the first months of … (Smith, 2000; Jones, 2006).
3️⃣X, Y and Z appear to be closely linked (Smith, 2008).
4️⃣X appears to be positively related to both Y and Z (Smith, 2007)
5️⃣X is a principal determining factor of Y (Smith, 2005; Jones, 2013).综合材料：将资源整合起来
1️⃣Similarly, Nicoladis (2006) found that X …
2️⃣In the same vein, Smith (1994) in his book XYZ notes …
3️⃣This view is supported by Jones (2000) who writes that …
4️⃣Smith argues that her data support O’Brien’s (1988) view that …
5️⃣Al-Masry’s (1986) work on X is complemented by Smith’s (2009) study of …
6️⃣Almost every paper that has been written on X includes a section relating to …提到以前的调查：突出的调查
1️⃣One longitudinal study found that …
2️⃣A seminal study in this area is the work of
3️⃣A small scale study by Smith (2012) reached different conclusions, finding no increasein …
4️⃣The study by Jones (1990) offers probably the most comprehensive empirical analysisof …
5️⃣In an analysis of X, Smith et al. (2012) found …
6️⃣In a follow-up study, Smith et al. (2009) found that …
7️⃣In an investigation into X, Smith et al. (2012) found …
8️⃣In a study investigating X, Smith (2004) reported that …
9️⃣In a comprehensive study of X, Jones (2001) found that …对审查或审查的部分内容进行总结
1️⃣Two important themes emerge from the studies discussed so far:
2️⃣However, such studies remain narrow in focus dealing only with…
3️⃣These studies clearly indicate that there is a relationship between …
4️⃣In view of all that has been mentioned so far, one may suppose that …
5️⃣There remain several aspects of X about which relatively little is known.
